What is a Vector in Rust?

A Vector in Rust is a growable array that can store multiple values of the same type. You can define it using Vec<T>, where T is the type of the elements (like i32, String, etc.).

Vectors are stored on the heap, so you can add or remove elements while the program is running.

You don’t need to know the number of elements in advance. Because all elements must have the same type.

The heap is a region of computer memory used for dynamic memory allocation. This means you can request memory at runtime (while the program is running).

Why Use Vectors In Rust Programming?

• Dynamic Sizing: You don’t need to know the number of elements in advance. A vector can grow when you add elements or shrink when you remove them.
• Indexing: You can quickly access any element using its position number (starting from 0), just like arrays.
• Contiguous Memory: All elements are stored together in one block of memory. This makes it fast to read, write, and loop through elements.
• Versatility: Vectors can store any type of data, as long as that type can be copied or cloned.

How To Create a Vector?

There are a few ways to create vectors:

1. Using Vec: :new

This method creates an empty vector. You can add values later using the .push() method. This method is useful when you don’t know the elements ahead of time.

fn main() {
    let mut colors: Vec<&str> = Vec::new(); // Empty vector
    colors.push("Red");
    colors.push("Green");
    colors.push("Blue");

    println!("Colors: {:?}", colors); // Output: Colors: ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]
}

2. Using the vec! Macro

The vec! macro creates a vector with predefined elements. It’s a shortcut when you already know the elements you want to store.

fn main() {
    let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7, 11]; // Vector with initial elements
    println!("Prime numbers: {:?}", primes); // Output: Prime numbers: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
}

• The vector is created with values already inside, so no need to push each element manually.

How To Access Elements in a Vector

Vectors store elements in zero-based indexing, so the first element is at index 0. There are two main ways to access elements:

1. Using Indexing ( [] )

You can directly access an element by its index. If the index is invalid, Rust will panic at runtime.

For example:

fn main() {
    let fruits = vec!["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
    println!("Second fruit: {}", fruits[1]); // Output: Second fruit: Banana
}

• In this code, we accessed the second element (index 1) directly. If we try fruits[5], the program would crash.

2. Using .get() Method

A .get(index) is safer because it returns an Option. This prevents runtime panic and allows you to handle errors gracefully.

fn main() {
    let numbers = vec![100, 200, 300];

    match numbers.get(5) {
        Some(num) => println!("Found: {}", num),
        None => println!("Oops! Index not found."),
    }
}

Output:

Oops! Index not found.

How To Modify a Vector?

To modify a vector, you must declare it as mut (mutable).

1) Adding Elements

• .push(value) adds a value at the end of the vector.
• .insert(index, value) adds a value at a specific position, shifting other elements.

fn main() {
    let mut colors = vec!["Red", "Green", "Blue"];
    
    colors.push("Yellow");           // Add at the end
    colors.insert(1, "Orange");      // Insert "Orange" at index 1

    println!("Updated colors: {:?}", colors);
}

Output:

Updated colors: ["Red", "Orange", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"]

Removing Elements

• .pop() removes the last element and returns it as Option.
• .remove(index) removes an element at a specific index and shifts the rest to the left.

fn main() {
    let mut colors = vec!["Red", "Orange", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"];
    
    colors.pop();           // Remove last element ("Yellow")
    colors.remove(2);       // Remove element at index 2 ("Green")

    println!("After removal: {:?}", colors);
}

Output:

After removal: ["Red", "Orange", "Blue"]

Iterating Over a Vector

Vectors store multiple values, and Rust provides several ways to loop through them. Iteration allows you to access each element one by one.

1. Using a for Loop

• A for loop is the simplest way to go through all elements.
• Use &numbers to borrow the vector, preventing ownership transfer. For example:

fn main() {
    let fruits = vec!["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
    
    for fruit in &fruits {
        println!("I like {}", fruit);
    }
}

Output:

I like Apple
I like Banana
I like Cherry

2. Using an Iterator with .iter()

• .iter() creates an iterator over references to the elements.
• .for_each(|item| …) applies a closure to every element.

For example:

fn main() {
    let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];
    
    numbers.iter().for_each(|n| println!("Number: {}", n));
}

Output:

Number: 10
Number: 20
Number: 30

Common Operations on Vectors

Rust provides many built-in methods to work with vectors efficiently.

1) Sorting a Vector

.sort() arranges the elements in ascending order.

fn main() {
    let mut scores = vec![45, 10, 30, 25];
    scores.sort();
    println!("Sorted scores: {:?}", scores);
}

Output:

Sorted scores: [10, 25, 30, 45]

2) Reversing a Vector

.reverse() flips the order of elements in place.

Unique Example:

fn main() {
    let mut tasks = vec!["Wash", "Cook", "Study"];
    tasks.reverse();
    println!("Tasks in reverse order: {:?}", tasks);
}

Output:

Tasks in reverse order: ["Study", "Cook", "Wash"]

3) Checking for an Element

.contains(&value) checks if a vector has a particular element.

fn main() {
    let fruits = vec!["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"];
    println!("Contains Mango? {}", fruits.contains(&"Mango"));
    println!("Contains Orange? {}", fruits.contains(&"Orange"));
}

Output:

Contains Mango? true
Contains Orange? false

• .contains() is an easy way to check membership in a vector.

Performance Considerations

• Vectors automatically allocate more memory as they grow, but this can be costly for large vectors.
• If you know the number of elements in advance, you can pre-allocate memory using .with_capacity(size) and .reserve(additional).

fn main() {
    // Pre-allocate memory for 5 elements
    let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(5);

    items.push("Pen");
    items.push("Book");
    items.push("Notebook");

    println!("Items: {:?}", items);
    println!("Capacity of vector: {}", items.capacity()); // Output: 5
}

Output:

Learn More About Rust Programming

• What are Strings in Rust?
• What are Lifetimes in Rust?
• What is the Slices in Rust?
• What are the borrowing in Rust?
• What are the Structs in Rust?